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<title>Binary Synchronous Communications</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Binary Synchronous Communications</span></span>

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<p><b>Binary Synchronous Communication</b> (<b>BSC</b> or <b>Bisync</b>) is an <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> character-oriented, half-duplex <a href="Link_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Link protocol">link protocol</a>, announced in 1967 after the introduction of <a href="System/360" class="mw-redirect" title="System/360">System/360</a>. It replaced the <a href="Synchronous_transmit-receive" title="Synchronous transmit-receive">synchronous transmit-receive</a> (STR) protocol used with second generation computers. The intent was that common link management rules could be used with three different character encodings for messages.

</p><p>Six-bit <a href="Transcode_(character_encoding)" title="Transcode (character encoding)">Transcode</a> looked backward to older systems; <a href="ASCII" title="ASCII">USASCII</a> with 128 characters and <a href="EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> with 256 characters looked forward. Transcode disappeared very quickly but the EBCDIC and USASCII dialects of Bisync continued in use.

</p><p>At one time Bisync was the most widely used communications protocol<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is still in limited use in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Framing">Framing</h2></div>

<p>Bisync differs from protocols that succeeded it in the complexity of message framing. Later protocols use a single <a href="Frame_synchronization" title="Frame synchronization">framing scheme</a> for all messages sent by the protocol. <a href="HDLC" class="mw-redirect" title="HDLC">HDLC</a>, <a href="Digital_Data_Communications_Message_Protocol" title="Digital Data Communications Message Protocol">Digital Data Communications Message Protocol</a> (DDCMP), <a href="Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">Point-to-Point Protocol</a> (PPP), etc. each have different framing schemes but only one frame format exists within a specific protocol. Bisync has five different framing formats.

</p>

<caption>BSC Link Control Characters

</caption>

<th>EBCDIC<br>(hexadecimal)</th>

<th>USASCII<br>(hexadecimal)</th>

<th>Transcode<br>(hexadecimal)</th>

<th>Description

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Synchronous idle

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Start of heading

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Start of text

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>End of transmission block

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>End of text

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>End of transmission

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Enquiry

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Negative acknowledgement

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Data link escape

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Intermediate block check character

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>ACK0</b> and <b>ACK1</b> (even/odd affirmative acknowledgement) are encoded as two characters—DLE '70'x, and DLE / for EBCDIC, DLE 0 and DLE 1 for USASCII, DLE - and DLE T for Transcode. <b>WABT</b> (wait before transmit) was encoded as DLE ", DLE ?, or DLE W.

</p><p>All frame formats begin with at least two <a href="Sync_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Sync word">SYN bytes</a>. The binary form of the SYN byte has the property that no rotation of the byte is equal to the original.

This allows the receiver to find the beginning of a frame by searching the received bit stream for the SYN pattern. When this is found, tentative byte synchronization has been achieved. If the next character is also a SYN, character synchronization has been achieved. The receiver then searches for a character that can start a frame. Characters outside of this set are described as "leading graphics". They are sometimes used to identify the sender of a frame. Long messages have SYN bytes inserted approximately every second to maintain synchronization. These are ignored by the receiver.

</p><p>A normal block ending character (ETB or ETX) is followed by a <a href="Check_sum" class="mw-redirect" title="Check sum">check sum</a> (block check character or BCC). For USASCII, this is a one character <a href="Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy check">longitudinal redundancy check</a> (LRC); for Transcode and EBCDIC, the check sum is a two character <a href="Cyclic_redundancy_check" title="Cyclic redundancy check">cyclic redundancy check</a>(CRC). A data frame may contain an intermediate check sum preceded by an ITB character. This ability to include intermediate check sums in a long data frame allows a considerable improvement of the error detection probability. USASCII characters are also transmitted using <a href="Parity_bit" title="Parity bit"><i>odd parity</i></a> for additional checking.

</p><p><i>Pad</i> characters are required following a line turn-around—NAK, EOT, ENQ, ACK0, ACK1. If the transmission ends with EOT or ETX the pad follows the BCC. This pad is either all '1' bits or alternating '0' and '1' bits. The next transmission begins with a pad character which can be either of the above or a SYN.

</p><p>An optional <i>heading</i> containing control information can precede data in a frame. The content of the heading is not defined by the protocol but is defined for each specific device. The heading, if present, is preceded by an SOH (start of heading) character and followed by an STX (start of text).<sup id="cite_ref-GenInfo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GenInfo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><i>Text</i> data normally follows the heading, begun by the STX, and terminated by ETX (end of text) or ETB (end transmission block).

</p><p>Normal data frames do not allow certain characters to appear in the data. These are the block ending characters: ETB, ETX and ENQ and the ITB and SYN characters. The number of unique characters that can be transmitted is therefore limited to 59 for Transcode, 123 for USASCII, or 251 for EBCDIC.

</p><p><i>Transparent</i> data framing provides an unrestricted alphabet of 64, 128 or 256 characters.

In transparent mode block framing characters such as ETB, ETX, and SYN are preceded by a DLE character to indicate their control significance (The DLE character itself is represented by the sequence DLE DLE). This technique became known as character stuffing, by analogy with <a href="Bit_stuffing" title="Bit stuffing">bit stuffing</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Link_control">Link control</h2></div>

<p>The link control protocol is similar to STR. The designers attempted to protect against simple transmission errors. The protocol requires that every message be acknowledged (ACK0/ACK1) or <a href="Negative-acknowledge_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative-acknowledge character">negatively acknowledged</a> (NAK), so transmission of small packets has high transmission overhead. The protocol can recover from a corrupted data frame, a lost data frame, and a lost acknowledgment.

</p><p>Error recovery is by retransmission of the corrupted frame. Since Bisync data packets are not serial-numbered, it's considered possible for a data frame to go missing without the receiver realizing it. Therefore, alternating ACK0s and ACK1s are deployed; if the transmitter receives the wrong ACK, it can assume a data packet (or an ACK) went missing. A potential flaw is that corruption of ACK0 into ACK1 could result in duplication of a data frame.

</p><p>Error protection for ACK0 and ACK1 is weak. The <a href="Hamming_distance" title="Hamming distance">Hamming distance</a> between the two messages is only two bits.

</p><p>The protocol is <a href="Duplex_(telecommunications)" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">half-duplex</a> (2-wire). In this environment, packets or frames of transmission are strictly unidirectional, necessitating 'turn-around' for even the simplest purposes, such as acknowledgments. Turn-around involves

</p>

<ul><li>the reversal of transmission direction,</li>

<li>quiescing of line echo,</li>

<li>resyncing.</li></ul>

<p>In a 2-wire environment, this causes a noticeable round-trip delay and reduces performance.

</p><p>Some datasets support <a href="Duplex_(telecommunications)" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">full-duplex</a> operation, and full-duplex (4-wire) can be used in many circumstances to improve performance by eliminating the turn-around time, at the added expense of 4-wire installation and support. In typical full-duplex, data packets are transmitted along one wire pair while the acknowledgements are returned along the other.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topology">Topology</h2></div>

<p>Much Bisync traffic is <a href="Point-to-point_(telecommunications)" title="Point-to-point (telecommunications)">point-to-point</a>. Point-to-point lines can optionally use <i>contention</i> to determine the master station. In this case one device can transmit ENQ to bid for control. The other device can reply ACK0 to accept the bid and prepare to receive, or NAK or WABT to refuse. In some cases connection of a terminal to multiple hosts is possible via the dial telephone network.

</p><p>Multi-drop is part of the initial Bisync protocol. A master station, normally a computer, can sequentially <i>poll</i> terminals which are attached via analog bridges to the same communication line. This is accomplished by sending a message consisting only of an ENQ character addressed to each device in turn. The selected station then transmits a message to the master or reply with EOT to indicate that it has no data to transmit.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<p>The original purpose of Bisync was for batch communications between a System/360 <a href="Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe</a> and another mainframe or a <a href="Remote_Job_Entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Job Entry">Remote Job Entry</a> (RJE) terminal such as the <a href="IBM_2780" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 2780">IBM 2780</a> or <a href="IBM_3780" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 3780">IBM 3780</a>. The RJE terminals support a limited number of data formats: punched card images in and out and print line images to the terminal.

Some non-IBM hardware vendors such as <a href="Mohawk_Data_Sciences" title="Mohawk Data Sciences">Mohawk Data Sciences</a> used Bisync for other purposes such as tape-to-tape transmission. A programmer can easily emulate an RJE terminal or other device.

</p><p>IBM offered assembler language macros to provide programming support. During the System/360 era, these <i><a href="Access_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Access methods">access methods</a></i> were <a href="BTAM" class="mw-redirect" title="BTAM">BTAM</a> (Basic Telecommunications Access Method) and <a href="QTAM" class="mw-redirect" title="QTAM">QTAM</a> (Queued Telecommunications Access Method) – which was later replaced by <a href="Telecommunications_Access_Method" title="Telecommunications Access Method">Telecommunications Access Method</a> (TCAM). IBM introduced <a href="VTAM" class="mw-redirect" title="VTAM">VTAM</a> (Virtual Telecommunications Access Method) with the <a href="IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">System/370</a>.

</p><p><a href="Teleprocessing_monitor" title="Teleprocessing monitor">Teleprocessing monitors</a> such as IBM's <a href="CICS" title="CICS">CICS</a> and third-party software such as <a href="DUCS_(software)" title="DUCS (software)">Remote DUCS</a> (display unit control system) and <a href="Westi_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westi (software)">Westi</a> platforms used Bisync line control to communicate with remote devices.

</p><p>The academic computing network <a href="BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a>, together with connecting networks in other geographic areas, used Bisync to connect 3000 computer systems at its peak.

</p><p>Financial network <a href="SWIFT" title="SWIFT"> S.W.I.F.T.</a> used BSC protocol for communication between Regional Center and Institution (bank) server over leased line. In a mid-1990 BSC was replaced by the <a href="X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> infrastructure.

</p><p>Some important systems use Bisync data framing with a different link control protocol. <a href="Houston_Automatic_Spooling_Priority" title="Houston Automatic Spooling Priority">Houston Automatic Spooling Priority</a> (HASP) uses Bisync half-duplex hardware in conjunction with its own link control protocol to provide full-duplex multi-datastream communication between a small computer and a mainframe running HASP. In Bisync terms, this is <i>conversational mode</i>.

</p><p>Some early <a href="X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> networks tolerated a connection scheme where transparent Bisync data frames encapsulated HDLC <a href="LAPB" title="LAPB">LAPB</a> data and control packets. As of 2012, several vendors encapsulate Bisync transmissions within TCP/IP data streams.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disposition">Disposition</h2></div>

<p>Bisync began to be displaced in the 1970s by <a href="Systems_Network_Architecture" title="Systems Network Architecture">Systems Network Architecture</a> (SNA) which allows construction of a network with multiple hosts and multiple programs using telecommunications. <a href="X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> and the <a href="Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> are later protocols which, like SNA, provide more than mere link control.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Devices">Devices</h2></div>

<p>A large number of devices use the Bisync protocol, some of these are:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="IBM_3270" title="IBM 3270">IBM 3270</a> Display Terminal Subsystem control units.</li>

<li><a href="IBM_2780/3780" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 2780/3780">IBM 2780</a> Data Transmission Terminal.</li>

<li><a href="IBM_270x" title="IBM 270x">IBM 2703</a> Transmission Control.</li>

<li><a href="Houston_Automated_Spooling_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Automated Spooling Program">IBM HASP workstations</a>.</li>

<li><a href="IBM_1130" title="IBM 1130">IBM 1130</a> Computing System.</li>

<li><a href="IBM_2922" title="IBM 2922">IBM 2922</a> Programmable Terminal.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparable_protocols">Comparable protocols</h2></div>

<p>Other computer vendors offered their own variety of byte-oriented protocols similar to Bisync. Some widely used protocols include <a href="Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>'s <i><a href="Digital_Data_Communications_Message_Protocol" title="Digital Data Communications Message Protocol">Digital Data Communications Message Protocol</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs Corporation</a>'s <i>Poll and Select Protocol</i>.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Asynchronous_communication" title="Asynchronous communication">Asynchronous communication</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFScuilli1981" class="citation news cs1">Scuilli, Joseph A. (Oct 26, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1REkdf3I86oC&q=bisync+%22most+widely+used%22&pg=RA2-PA36">"Terrestrial to Satellite Switching Creates Options"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Aug 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCisco" class="citation web cs1">Cisco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk331/tk894/tsd_technology_support_protocol_home.html">"Binary Synchronous and Asynchronous Communications (Bisync/Async)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Oct 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGartner" class="citation web cs1">Gartner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/bsc-binary-synchronous-communications">"Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC)"</a>. <i>IT Glossary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Oct 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-GenInfo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GenInfo_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIBM_Corporation" class="citation book cs1">IBM Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/datacomm/A27-3004-0_bisyncGenDescr.pdf"><i>General Information - Binary Synchronous Communications</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPetersonDavie2012" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Larry; Davie, Bruce (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://book.systemsapproach.org/direct/framing.html"><i>Computer Networks: A Systems Approach</i></a>. Elsevier<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303043144/http://www.aton.com/about/media-room/extras/bisync-protocol-tutorial/">Detailed discussion of Bisync link control by Charles A Wilde</a> (new link)</li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ckp.made-it.com/bisync.html">"Bisync, BSC"</a>. <i>Connectivity Knowledge Platform</i>. Made IT<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-07-06</span></span>.</cite> A detailed description of the protocol.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm1130.net/functional/SCA.html">Bisync & STR programming for IBM 1130</a></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://telecom.tbi.net/protocol.htm">"Data Communications Protocols"</a>. <i>Telecom Corner Technical Reference Site</i>. TBI/WebNet, Inc. October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-07-06</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090702110525/http://www.serengeti.com/what_is_bisync.php">"What is Bisync? A Short History Lesson"</a>. Serengeti Systems. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.serengeti.com/what_is_bisync.php">the original</a> on 2009-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-07-06</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFIBM_Corporation" class="citation web cs1">IBM Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130126114114/http://www-304.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=nas18f243b8108abcd4686256b4900771a53">"Bisync DLC Character Codes in Communications Trace on OS/400 or i5/OS System"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-304.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=nas18f243b8108abcd4686256b4900771a53">the original</a> on 2013-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-07</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFIBM_Corporation" class="citation book cs1">IBM Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/datacomm/A27-3004-0_bisyncGenDescr.pdf"><i>General Information - Binary Synchronous Communications, first edition</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFIBM_Corporation" class="citation book cs1">IBM Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/ibm/datacomm/GA27-3004-2_General_Information_Binary_Synchronous_Communications_Oct70.pdf"><i>General Information - Binary Synchronous Communications, third edition, October 1970</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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